The HPPSC Examination

 The GK Himachal 2021 exam format appears to be related to various competitive exams conducted by the Himachal Pradesh Public Service Commission (HPPSC). While I couldn't find the exact format for the GK Himachal 2021 exam, I can provide insights based on previous year papers and exam patterns.

*Exam Pattern:*

The HPPSC exams typically consist of multiple stages, including Prelims and Mains. The Prelims exam tests general knowledge with multiple-choice questions, while the Mains exam has more detailed questions.

*Subjects and Topics:*

Some of the subjects and topics covered in the exam include ¹ ²:

- *General Knowledge:* Himachal Pradesh-specific GK, current affairs, history, geography, and culture

- *General English:* Comprehension, grammar, and vocabulary

- *General Hindi:* Comprehension, grammar, and vocabulary

- *Essay Paper:* Essay writing on various topics

- *General Studies:* Papers on topics like Indian polity, economy, environment, and social issues

*Previous Year Papers:*

You can find previous year papers for HPPSC exams, including HAS/HPAS, Range Forest Officer, and District Manager exams, which can help you understand the exam pattern and types of questions asked ¹ ³.

*Resources:*

To prepare for the exam, you can refer to resources like ³ ⁴:

- *HPPSC Previous Year Papers:* Available for download in PDF format

- *Online Practice Tests:* Available for practice and assessment

- *GK Questions and Answers:* Collections of HP GK questions and answers for practice

Remember to check the official HPPSC website for the most up-to-date information on exam patterns, syllabus, and previous year papers.

 The Invention of Mobile Phone :- 

Er. Martin Cooper 

The Father of Cellular phone 

Today every one is conversant with the mobile phones , every one is using mobile phones in our day today life. Even today most of the works are being done with the help of mobile phones.

It is very handy and mobile phones have reduced the distance , you can talk hwith your friends or relatives sitting at a distance of thousands of kilometres. You can see the movies , you can listen the songs , you can learn lessons.In nutshell we can say that it is s mini computer in our pocket.

We Need Phone in every sphere of life 

Have you ever thought that who has made the mobile phones .  Dear friends you must know about the man who is behind the invention of Mobile Phone.

Friends , Martin Cooper is the man who has invited first mobile phone in 1972-73.

Now we must know about the man who is behind the invention of Mobile Phone.

Martin Cooper an American Engineer , born in Chicago , Illinois in US on 26 December 1928 an Electrical Engineer under whose leadership and guidance a team worked for the invention of wireless communication invented the first mobile phone in 1972-73.

Martin Cooper is known as the father of cellular phone.

He studied in the in Illinois Institute of Technology ( IIT) Chicago and awarded the Bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering in 1950 .

Martin Cooper worked in US Navy during the Korean war  . After the war Cooper joined the Teletype Corporation and in 1954 he started working in Motorolla and in 1957 he obtained his Masters in Electrical Engineering from IIT . In Motorolla he worked in many projects on wireless communication .

Need of today 

Later Martin Cooper worked as a President and Director for the company during 1978-83 

So this way the mobile phone came in our hands .

 Landslide Prevention Methods :-   

Landslide when we talk is causes heavy damages to that particular location where it occurs.

It causes damages to earth profile , it causes damages to the vegetation and human and animal living in that particular location.

Landslide Prevention Methods.

Provide Gabion Walls to check sliding.

Keeping in view the losses there must be an effort to control these landslides so that the land as well as lives could be saved.

Some Preventive measures can be done which are as follows:-

The landslides  prevention technology mainly focus on stabilization of soil slopes and reducing water  and water flow management in the landslide prone areas.

We can take the following methods in practice.

Improvement of Drainage system :R

Drainage is the main factor which contributes much  for the happening of Landslides.

Water flow must be divided into small Chanels so that it may not fall in one  place causing damage to the soil structure.

Proper drainage can reduce the risk of slides 

It must be ensured that the water saturation must be reduced  , because only  fully saturation of soil is more prone to sliding.

Further velocity of water if more it causes heavy damages to the earth 's structure of it is smooth it doesn't  erode the soil.

The water seepage must be checked from time to time avoiding saturation of soil.

Reinforcement of Soil Slopes :- 

The soil slopes must be reinforced by construction of retaining walls of safe design , Gabion Walls etc.  Proper weep holes must be provided in concrete and masonry retaining walls .

These structures provide  check to sliding.

Modifications of Slopes :-

Modifications of Slopes can reduce the risk of slides. 

Flat terrain break down the currents of water thus erosion is reduced and proper drainage can be managed.

Plantation of Trees :-

Plantation is very essential to reduce the Soil erosion because the roots of trees firmly hod the soil hence check the soil erosion. The foliage also hold the rain water on the leaves from where it again gets evaporated thus reducing bloods .

Plantation reduce soil erosion 

So it is very important that we must check the the drainage system around and in every locality before every rainy season . Identify  the shortcomings in drainage system around the locality and take remedial measures well in advance. Government must sanction appropriate budget against flood control to every village in hilly areas to Gram Panchayats.

Mechanism of Landslides

 Mechanism of Landslides 

We must understand the mechanism of Landslides if we are residing in hilly areas.

What is mechanism of Landslides, we can say that it is the movement of mass of rocks , soil or debris down a slope under the influence of gravity.

Mechanism of Landslides 

Landslides occurs when the force of Gravity acting on the slopes exceeds

 the strength of the mass holding in a place.

The factors Responsible for Landslides :-

The factors Responsible for the landslides are  .

1. Heavy rainfall 

2. Earthquake.

3. Erosion.

4. Cloudburst.

5 Human Activities.

Human Activities :-  

1. construction of roads buildings , and other projects.

2. Deforestation 

Deforestation causes erosion hence landslides.

Landslide is a geological phenomenon involved in sudden movement of  mass of earth , rocks and debris down a slope under the influence of gravity 

We can understand the mechanism of Landslides from these figures.

1 Role of Gravity :- 

The gravity constantly pulls the mass down  the slopes as the  weight of the material exceeds the gravitational force the sliding starts  , hence rolling down the slopes .

Slope Stability :- 

Some factors affect the slopes stability.

Angle of Slope :- 

Steeper slopes are more prone to sliding because of greater gravitational pull .

Strength of the Soil Material :- 

Weathering action , erosion and water saturation weaken the structure of soil thus weak soils are more prone to sliding.

Water Content :-  

Water when comes in contact with soil the weight of the Soil Material gets increased , if the slopes are greater than the gravity  makes it to slide .

There are three types of slides 

1 . Slides 

2. Flows 

3 . Creep ..

In rainy seasons the hilly areas are more prone to sliding.

We can take some remidies which we will discuss in the next post .

Hungary a country in Central Europe

 Hungary a country in Central Europe :-

View of Parliament Building in Hungary.

Hungary is a beautifully landscaped landlocked country in Central Europe ,with its capital in Budapest bisected by a river named Danube.

In the Central Europe the Hungary with its mostly flat landscape is surrounded by Slovakia to the North , Northeast Ukraine ,to the East Rominia .

In the south with Serbia and Croatia and in the South West Slovenia and in the west with Austria .

The Danube river is the longest river in the country. The Danube and it's tributaries , The Raba and Drava are of Alpine origin . The Tisza river  and it's tributaries , which drain in the eastern Hungry , rise in the Carpathian Mountains to the east. Hungry lies in the within the drainage basin of Danube river.

Hungry has few lakes which are small. Lake Balaton is the largest fresh water Lake in Central Europe which is expending in 598 square Kilometres. One another lake named Neusiedler lake , also called Lake Ferto  lies on the Austrian border is UNESCO world heritage site designed in 2001. Lake Velence lies Southeast of Budapest , the capital of Hungry .

Few Beautiful Views of Budapest Hungary.

Europe 's Largest Thermal lake is Heviz , which is one of the Hungary's natural wonders located near the Northwestern s side of Lake Balaton. Lake Heviz is biologically active, natural thermal lake expanding in more then 10 acres of area .

Hungry is the land of thermal spas .

Rampur Bushahr, District Shimla Himachal Pradesh

 Rampur Bushahr:-

View of Rampur Bushahr 

The Rampur Bushahr about 130 Km from Shimla is a tehsil of district Shimla. It is a small town also famous  as a trade centre in olden days between  Tibet and Bushahr. The town is situated on the left bank of river Satluj and on the right bank is Jagatkhana and Brow both are in Kullu district . 

View of Shahi Palace Rampur Bushahr 

Rampur Bushahr was a princely state, Raja Virbhadra Singh was the Last who became Raja of this state before Independence.

The Rampur Bushahr town was might be founded by Raja Kehei Singh in 17 th. Century and Capital of Bushahr state might have been shifted from Sarahan to Rampur in 18 th. Century by Raja Ram Singh.

In March 1948 Rampur Bushahr became a part of Himachal Pradesh.

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